You need reliable lab equipment to get accurate, repeatable results and to keep your work safe and efficient. Know which instruments matter for your tasks — from balances and microscopes to centrifuges and incubators — and how proper selection, use, and maintenance cut costly errors and downtime.
This article will walk you through common categories of lab equipment, how to choose the right tools for specific experiments, and practical maintenance tips that extend lifespan and preserve accuracy. Expect clear guidance you can apply immediately to streamline workflows and protect your samples.
Types of Lab Equipment
You will encounter instruments that measure and analyze samples, containers and disposables for handling reagents, and precise devices for volume, mass, and temperature control. Each group serves distinct tasks: detection/analysis, containment and reactions, and accurate measurement.
Analytical Instruments
Analytical instruments provide quantitative and qualitative data about samples. Expect spectrophotometers (UV-Vis, IR) for absorbance and concentration, chromatographs (GC, HPLC) for compound separation, and mass spectrometers for molecular mass and structure.
These instruments require routine calibration, validated methods, and often controlled environments such as temperature- and vibration-stable benches. You should also track consumables like columns, lamps, and ion sources because they affect sensitivity and reproducibility.
Key capabilities to compare:
- Detection limits (how small a signal you can trust).
- Throughput (samples per hour).
- Maintenance needs (frequency of cleaning, replacement parts).
Choose based on analyte type, required sensitivity, and regulatory requirements.
Glassware and Plasticware
Glassware and plasticware provide the physical platforms for reactions, storage, and sample processing. Use borosilicate glass (beakers, flasks, graduated cylinders) for heat resistant work and organic solvents. Choose disposable plastics (microcentrifuge tubes, pipette tips, cell culture plates) for contamination control and convenience.
Inspect for cracks, etching, or chemical incompatibility before use. For volumetric accuracy, rely on calibrated glass volumetric flasks and Class A pipettes; use graduated or plasticware only for approximate volumes.
Best practices:
- Labeling to prevent cross-contamination.
- Sterilization methods matched to material (autoclave for glass, UV/ethanol for certain plastics).
- Storage: keep glassware dry and plastics away from solvents that cause swelling.
Measuring Devices
Measuring devices deliver the precise values you base results on: balances, pipettes, thermometers, and pH meters. Use analytical balances for milligram to microgram mass, and precision pipettes for microliter to milliliter volumes. Calibrate pipettes and pH meters regularly and perform balance performance checks (weights) daily or per run.
Temperature control and logging matter; use calibrated thermometers or thermocouples for incubators and baths. Track measurement uncertainty and document calibration certificates to meet quality or regulatory audits.
Select devices that match your required tolerance, sample throughput, and traceability needs.
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Proper Use and Maintenance
Focus on safe handling, routine cleaning, and correct storage so equipment stays accurate and lasts longer. Follow manufacturer instructions, document actions, and use the right PPE and consumables for each device.
Handling Procedures
Always read the device manual and safety data sheets before you operate a new instrument. Use specified personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, lab coat) and follow lockout/tagout steps for electrical or mechanical maintenance.
Lift and move equipment using manufacturer-recommended methods or mechanical aids; secure benchtop instruments to prevent tipping. For sensitive instruments (balances, spectrophotometers), allow thermal equilibration for the time the manufacturer specifies before taking measurements.
Calibrate and verify performance per schedule using certified standards. Log every calibration, adjustment, and malfunction in a maintenance record, noting date, technician name, and results. Report unusual noises, leaks, or error codes immediately and tag affected equipment out of service until cleared.
Cleaning and Sterilization
Identify compatible cleaning agents from the manual to avoid damaging seals, optics, or electronics. Use 70% isopropyl alcohol for many non-porous surfaces, dilute detergents for general cleaning, and enzyme cleaners for biological residues when recommended.
Follow these steps for decontamination:
- Disconnect power and unplug before cleaning electrical equipment.
- Remove detachable parts and clean separately.
- Rinse and dry parts thoroughly to prevent corrosion or residue.
For items requiring sterility (pipettes, glassware), use validated autoclave cycles or chemical sterilants at specified concentrations and contact times. Record sterilization cycles and inspect packaging for integrity before reuse. Dispose of single-use items and biohazardous waste according to your institution’s policy.
Storage Guidelines
Store reagents, consumables, and instruments in designated areas with controlled temperature and humidity. Use labeled shelves, sealed containers for moisture-sensitive items, and desiccants where appropriate.
Keep delicate instruments in their original cases or on padded shelves; lock critical equipment away when not in use. For long-term storage of electronic devices, remove batteries, apply corrosion inhibitor to metal contacts if recommended, and power on periodically to exercise moving parts.
Maintain an inventory with expiration dates and last-service dates. Rotate stock using first-expire, first-out (FEFO) for reagents and supplies to reduce waste and ensure you use items while they remain valid.
